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By: S. Vasco, M.S., Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine at New Mexico State University
Arteriole vessel between a small artery and a capillary Artery vessel that carry blood away from the heart Articulations formation of joints Atrium one of the two upper chambers of the heart Autonomic nervous system division of the human nervous system that regulates involuntary actions Axial Axon towards the midline of the body nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body Buffer system a weak base or acid in the body that serves as neutralizing agent Bile substance that reduces large fat globules into smaller droplets of fat that is more easily broken down Body cavities spaces in the body holding internal organs Body plans sections antibiotic resistance washington post buy ribotrex online. Bronchiole one of the small subdivisions of the bronchi that branch through the lung Bronchus one of the large air tubes in the lung Cancer cells growing with out normal body control mechanism Capillary microscopic vessel through exchanges take place between the blood and the tissues Cartilage a firm but delicate connective tissue Cell the basic structural and functional unit of the body Cell inclusions divers group of substances produced and stored inside the cell Cerebellum the second largest part of the human brain that plays an essential role in the production of normal movements Cerebral cortex a thin layer of gray matter made up of neuron dendrites and cell bodies that compose the surface of the cerebrum Cerebrum the largest and upper part of the human brain that controls consciousness infection during pregnancy ribotrex 500mg cheap, memory antibiotic resistance powerpoint 500 mg ribotrex free shipping, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements Chemoreceptor receptor that detects chemical changes Coagulation clotting, as of blood 400 Human Anatomy and Physiology Connective tissue tissues specialized for connecting and supporting the body Coronary referring to the heart or to the arteries supplying blood to the heart Corpus luteum Yellow body formed from ovarian follicle after ovulation; produces progesterone. Chyme partially digested food mixture leaving the stomach Chyle milky-appearing fluid absorbed into the lymphatic system from the small intestine. Colon intestine Conception the process of fertilization and subsequent establishment of pregnancy Contraception protection against pregnancy Cortex, renal the outer, red part of the kidney Cortical nephrone the nephrone locating inside the renal cortex Cranium a bony cavity holding the brain Cytoplasm substances surrounding organelle out of the nucleus Defecation act of eliminating undigested waste from the digestive tract Deglutition swallowing Dendrite branching or tree like; a nerve cell process that transmits impulse towards the body 401 Human Anatomy and Physiology Dermis part of the skin next beneath to epidermis Diaphragm dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inhalation; membrane or structure that serves to separate Diaphysis the shaft of long bone Diastole relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle Diencephalons "between" brain; parts of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mesencephalon or midbrain Diffusion Movement of molecules from a region where they are in higher concentration to a region where they are in lower concentration. Digestion enzymes) Directional terms terms used in anatomy to state direction of body parts Duodenum the first subdivision of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs Effector responding organ; for example, voluntary and involuntary muscle, the heart, and glands Efferent carrying from, as neurons that transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the periphery; opposite of afferent Electrolytes compounds that dissociate in to ions when in solution Emulsify in digestion, when bile breaks up fat the break down of food materials either mechanically (that is chewing) or chemically (that is digestive 402 Human Anatomy and Physiology Endocardium lining of the heart Endocrine referring to a gland that releases its secretion directly into the bloodstream Endothelium epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels Endosteum connective tissue layer covering the inner hallow of bone Erythrocyte red blood cells Enzyme biochemical catalyst allowing chemical reaction to take place Epidermis the outer layer of skin Epiglottis leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing Epimysium sheath of fibrous connective tissue that encloses muscle Epinephrine adrenaline; secretion of the adrenal medulla Epithelial tissue tissues covering body surface and lining cavities Esophagus the muscular, mucus-lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach; also known as the food pipe Essential organs reproductive organs that must be present for reproduction to occur and are known as gonads Endosteum Epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Uterine tube/fallopian tube a tube leading from ovary to uterus Vagina Lower part of the birth canal that opens to the outside of the body; female organ of sexual intercourse Valve structure that keeps blood Vascular tissue a fluid tissue constituting blood Vasectomy Surgical removal of part or all of the ductus (vas) deferens; usually done on both sides to produce sterility Vein vessel that carries blood toward the heart Vena cava one of the two large veins that carry blood into the right atrium of the heart Ventilation movement of the air into and out of the lungs bundle of neuron fibers within the central nervous 412 Human Anatomy and Physiology Ventricle cavity or chamber; one of the two lower chambers of the heart Venule vessel between a capillary and a small vein Vertebra A bone of the spinal column; pl. Memmler, Ruth Lundeen and Dena Lin Wood (1987), the Human Body in Health and Disease, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 6th ed. Memmler, Ruth Lundeen, Barbara Jansen Cohen and Dena Lin Wood (1996), the Human Body in Health and Disease, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 8th edition. Subotanick, (1999), Sports medicine of lower extremities, Churchilllivingsten, New York, 2nd Ed. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Gross anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification and will be a major focus of this lab component of this course. Macro- means "large," thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micromeans "small," and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices and will be a major focus in the lecture component of this course. Microscopic anatomy includes cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues (Figure 1. Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. Studying regional anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region. In contrast, systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system-that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body. This course takes a regional approach to learning the structures of the human body in order to put the many structures you will learn this semester into a functional context. Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions necessary for life. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. Like anatomists, physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology.
However antibiotics newborns discount 250 mg ribotrex, the precise options available will depend upon the local service provision antibiotic for strep throat discount ribotrex master card. Physiotherapists Physiotherapists are trained in the assessment and management of locomotor and muscular problems antibiotic resistance zone diameter purchase ribotrex no prescription. A pivotal part of their role is educating patients about biomechanical dysfunction and actively promoting self-management through appropriate exercise regimes. Some physiotherapists may undertake more specialist roles within rheumatology, including management of flares of inflammatory arthritis, manual therapy or hydrotherapy. Nurse specialists In secondary care, nurse specialists play an important role in assessing and managing patients with a range of rheumatological complaints (Table 25. Nurse specialists often act as a crucial link between primary and secondary care, and between the patient and specialist services, through providing telephone helplines or drop-in clinics where patients can receive advice about acute problems such as flare-ups. Chiropodists and podiatrists Chiropodists and podiatrists are specifically trained to assess, diagnose and manage foot- and gait-related pathology. They will assess foot and lower limb function, footwear and gait to determine if this is contributing to soft-tissue and joint pathology. Treatment may involve patient education, prescription footwear, orthoses (custom shoe inserts) or injection therapy. Doctors, allied health professionals, nurses Consultant rheumatologists Consultant rheumatologists are trained to assess and manage patients with a range of musculoskeletal complaints, ranging from non-specific back and neck pain to complex multi-system conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Support agencies Agencies such as the Arthritis Research Campaign (arc) and Arthritis Care (Table 25. They provide an invaluable service, both to patients and to professionals, who can use their resources as part of their treatment plan. It has not been possible to focus on every single professional that may be involved in the complex care of patients with a rheumatological condition. Instead we have highlighted the philosophy of care that can be adapted to suit all conditions and embrace all members of the multidisciplinary team. Development of a competency framework for general practitioners with a special interest in musculoskeletal/rheumatology practice. British Society for Rheumatology and British Health Professionals in Rheumatology guideline for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (the first 2 years). It is estimated that the proportion of over 65s in the population will increase 3-fold in the next 30 years, increasing the burden on health-care systems from musculoskeletal disorders. However, estimates are considerably higher in some populations and a prevalence of 6. Some factors increase the risk, whereas others are thought to offer a protective role in disease development. Other genes, albeit with weaker effects, have also been identified, and with the increasing use of whole genome screens it is likely that more candidate genes will be discovered in future. A consistent finding is that current or ever use of the oral contraceptive pill has a protective role. High intakes of antioxidants (-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin) found in some fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk. The benefits of following a Mediterranean diet (high proportion of oily fish and vegetables) may confer a protective role.
Collagen fibers from renal fascia stabilize and anchor the kidney in the body wall and superiorly to the diaphragm antibiotic resistance food safety cheap ribotrex 500mg with visa. Except for this thin layer and renal vessels antimicrobial examples purchase ribotrex 250 mg with mastercard, there is little substantial inferior support for the kidney virus - arrivederci zippy generic 500 mg ribotrex with mastercard. Due to poor support in this area, kidneys are usually transplanted to the iliac fossa of the pelvis. The kidneys are supplied by the left and right renal arteries, branches of the aorta arising between L1 and L2 vertebral levels. The right renal artery is longer than the left, crossing posterior to the inferior vena cava. Both left and right renal veins are anterior to the arteries and drain directly to the inferior vena cava. The segmental branches of the renal arteries have already been presented, and branches of renal veins follow these. The longer left renal vein crosses the aorta immediately inferior to the branching of the superior mesenteric artery. The left renal vein receives the left gonadal and left adrenal veins, but the right set of veins drain directly to the inferior vena cava. Plexuses of nerves and ganglia are formed around the abdominal aorta and its branches by contributions from the abdominal sympathetic trunk, vagal trunks (parasympathetic), and splanchnic nerves. Most of the plexuses are named by the artery they surround: celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, gonadal, hypogastric. The hypogastric plexus receives parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic splanchnic parasympathetic nerves. Nerve branches from the plexuses travel on arterial branches to the various organs. Visceral afferent fibers from the kidney return to the T10 through T12 spinal cord segments, following the sympathetic supply. Pain from the kidneys or ureters is referred to dermatomes supplied by spinal nerves of those segments. Renal or ureteric colic (pain) is described as a "loin to groin" pain pattern as illustrated in the figure on this slide (red area, on back and sweeping around to inguinal region). The adrenal or suprarenal glands are endocrine glands, retroperitoneal and positioned but not attached at the upper pole of kidney. On the left, the adrenal is crescent shaped and lies along the superior and medial aspect of the kidney. On the right it is roughly pyramidal in shape and is located more directly at the superior pole of the kidney. The adrenal gland has somewhat distinct cortex and medulla regions, derived from different tissues embryologically and having different functions. The cortex (derived from mesoderm) secretes hormones which regulate fluid and electrolyte balance (mineral corticoids), metabolism (glucocorticoids), and development of reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics (androgens). The medullary cells (from neural crest) receive sympathetic innervation and behave somewhat like sympathetic ganglia. They secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones important in the sympathetic response. Like the kidney, the cortex of the adrenal gland is supplied by nerves from the renal plexus, with both parasympathetic and postganglionic sympathetic nerves.
However antibiotics for acne philippines buy ribotrex 500mg overnight delivery, distal biceps tendon rupture should be referred urgently for consideration of surgical repair infection 2 months after surgery generic ribotrex 500 mg mastercard. Shoulder instability-General glenohumeral instability or looseness may be seen in young women with weak shoulder muscles topical antibiotics for acne list discount ribotrex 250mg otc, in young athletes (especially swimmers and throwers) and following large rotator cuff tendon tears. There may be diffuse shoulder pain, and instability may be multi- or unidirectional. Glenoid labrum (cartilage) injuries-These can cause persistent shoulder pain and instability, and they usually occur after an episode of trauma or dislocation or with overuse. Diagnosis can be difficult, requiring magnetic resonance arthrography or arthroscopy. Management involves pain control and rehabilitation, which is followed by surgery if necessary. Neurological causes-Shoulder pain may result from neurological causes, including nerve root entrapment at the neck, brachial plexus lesions or peripheral nerve lesions, including the axillary, long thoracic, suprascapular, radial or musculocutaneous nerves. Often idiopathic, some cases occur after a viral infection, immunizations or mechanical trauma. A sudden onset of diffuse pain in the shoulder, upper arm and occasionally forearm is accompanied by weakness, wasting, scapular winging and variable sensory loss of the affected neuromuscular structures. Other shoulder disorders Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint disorders-Osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint is common and presents with well-localized pain and tenderness over the joint. It can be managed symptomatically with analgesics, and local corticosteroid injections may provide relief. The acromioclavicular joint can be strained or dislocated as a result of traumatic or sports injuries. This can be managed with taping and analgesia, and in severe cases, surgery may be required. The sternoclavicular joint can be the presenting site of an inflammatory arthritis, but it is frequently overlooked. Rarely the sternoclavicular and/or acromioclavicular joints can be involved in the Pain in the Neck, Shoulder and Arm 19 Thoracic outlet syndrome-Compression of the neurovascular structures of the thoracic outlet, brachial plexus and subclavian artery may occur due to local masses, a high first or cervical rib or fibrous bands. Symptoms depend on the structures compressed, but they are usually exacerbated by heavy manual work. Neurogenic symptoms usually predominate, including aching in the arm, paraesthesia and weakness. Vascular symptoms are usually intermittent cyanosis; trophic skin changes can occur. Elbow and forearm pain Lateral and medial epicondylitis the 12-month period prevalence of elbow pain has been estimated to be 11. Lateral epicondylitis is thought to be an overload injury at the origin of the common extensors at the lateral epicondyle, and typically follows minor and often unrecognized trauma of the extensor muscles of the forearm. In spite of the title "tennis elbow", tennis is a direct cause in only 5% of cases. Both conditions are characterized by pain and tenderness over the respective epicondyle, and pain on resisted movements: resisted dorsiflexion of the wrist, middle finger, or both, in lateral epicondylitis (Figure 3. There may be night pain, early morning stiffness and stiffness after periods of inactivity.